COMMON ECONOMICAL DISEASES OF RAINBOW TROUT AND THE SYSTEMATIC DIAGNOSIS METHOD NAMED “FOUR LEVELS AND EIGHT INDICATORS”
-
摘要: 虹鳟养殖产业已逐渐成为国内特色优势产业, 但近年来虹鳟病害有频发的趋势, 病害系统化预判对于保障养殖产业高质量发展具有重要意义。针对上述问题, 结合前期实践经验, 文章首次从养殖环境、群体特征、体表特征、解剖特征等4个层级, 每个层级设置了8项指标, 合计32项指标, 对虹鳟常见病害进行了环境和个体特征归类判断总结。该方法既有利于提高养殖户对病害自行判断能力和提前预判能力, 同时有助于专业人员远程诊断治疗, 可为虹鳟重大病害的智慧化诊断奠定基础, 从而进一步提出预警, 确保国内冷水鱼养殖产业健康可持续发展。Abstract: The rainbow trout farming industry has gradually become a characteristic and advantageous industry in China, but in recent years, relative diseases of the fish have shown a frequent-bursting trend. Systematic disease prediction is therefore of great significance for ensuring the high-quality development of the fish farming industry. This article aims to address these challenges by categorizing and diagnosing common rainbow trout diseases for the first time, considering environmental and individual characteristics of the breeding environment, population characteristics, body surface characteristics, and anatomical characteristics. We have established 8 indicators set at each level, totaling 32 indicators in this methodology. This method is beneficial for improving the ability of farmers to self diagnose and predict diseases in advance, as well as for professional remote diagnosis and treatment. It can lay the foundation for intelligent diagnosis of major diseases of rainbow trout and further provide early warning to ensure the healthy and sustainable development of the domestic cold water fish breeding industry.
-
Key words:
- Disease /
- Diagnosis /
- Group /
- Viscus indiodors /
- Body-appearance /
- Oncorhynchus mykiss
-
-
表 1 八外: 外部(养殖环境)八个特征判别
Table 1. Judgement from the eight external indicators (aquaculture environment)
编码
Code判断指标
Judgment indicator可能的原因
Possible reason可能的症状
Possible symptom1 天气突变 暴雨、大风等 倒水、暴藻 2 水体参数 水温、溶解氧、酸碱度、氨氮、亚硝酸盐是否不足或超标
(过高、过低或突变)非细菌性病害伴生细菌性病害 3 鱼种来源 鱼种是否未经检疫 带毒、带虫 4 外源物种 是否有未经检疫的动植物及排泄物进入养殖水体 带毒、带虫 5 特殊时期 养殖鱼类是否处于特殊时期(如繁殖期) 撕咬损伤 6 饵料 是否营养成分比例不佳或变质 采食及肝脏变化 7 投喂方式 投喂是否过量或不及 肠道充盈、无食物 8 潜在污染 串联用水; 水体杂质、生物、非生物污染 异物、异味、携带病原体等 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 八群、八体、八内特征判别
Table 2. Judgement from the eight group, body-appearance, viscus indicators
编码
Code八群The eight group indicators 八体The eight body appearance indicators 八内The eight viscus indicators 表现 可能的因素 表现 可能的因素 表现 可能的因素 1 拒食 多种因素: 生物、非生物因素
(包括采食降低)体色 正常、黑色、出血 体腔 是否有积液、黏液、表面出血 2 浮头 呼吸困难: 生物、非生物因素 体表 充血、溃烂、异物附着、脊柱弯曲 肠道 充血、肿胀、溃烂、寄生虫 3 迟缓 多种因素: 生物、非生物因素
(运动缓慢)腹部 塌陷、膨胀 肝脏 充血、肿胀、颜色、大小、斑点、镜检空泡 4 呆滞 多种因素: 生物、非生物因素
(反应迟钝)各鳍 有无残缺或溃烂 胆囊 颜色、大小、充盈程度 5 散群 多种因素: 生物、非生物因素
(包括垂直游动)鳞片 炸起、脱落 鱼鳔 颜色、大小、充血 6 乱窜 多见于寄生虫 鳃丝 颜色、黏液、附着物、完整度 胰脏 颜色、大小、充血、镜检空泡 7 游边 多见于细菌、寄生虫 肛门 是否红肿、突出、拖便、挤压喷射 肾脏 充血、肿胀、颜色、大小 8 剐蹭 多见于寄生虫 眼球 是否混浊、凸起、血点 脾脏 颜色、大小、充血、镜检空泡
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 四级八标病害速查对应表
Table 3. Corresponding table for quick inspection of diseases with 4 level and 8 indictors
病毒性疾病 细菌性疾病 真菌病 寄生虫病 营养性疾病 传染性造血
器官坏死病传染性胰腺
坏死病嗜鳃黄
杆菌鲁氏耶
尔森菌嗜水气
单胞菌维氏气
单胞菌杀鲑气
单胞菌荧光假
单胞菌柱状屈
挠杆菌水霉 小瓜虫 锚头蚤类 脂肪肝 维生素
缺乏八群 拒食 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ — √ √ — √ √ 浮头 — — √ √ √ √ √ √ — — — — √ 迟缓 — — √ √ √ √ √ √ — √ √ — √ 呆滞 √ √ — — — — — — 散群 游动失调
垂直回转游动失调
垂直回转√ √ √ √ √ √ — √ — — √ √ 乱窜 √ (部分) √ (部分) — — — — — — — √ √ — — 游边 √ (部分) √ (部分) 出水口处聚集 — — — — — — √ √ √ √ — 剐蹭 — — — — — — — — — √ √ √ — — 八外 体色 黑 偏黑或正常 — 黑 黑 黑 黑 赤皮 — 黑 — — 黑 — 体表 全身性点状出血; 脊椎畸形 胸腹部紫红 — — 败血症 出血性溃疡和疖疮病 体表溃烂和疖疮病 出血 患部周围发红溃烂 白色絮团 白点 — — 脊椎骨弯曲 腹部 膨大、V型出血 膨大腹水 — — 可能有腹水 — — — — — — — — 膨大 各鳍 点状出血 点状出血 烂鳍 烂鳍出血 烂鳍 烂鳍 基部充血 烂鳍 黄白色斑点病灶烂鳍 烂鳍 白点 — — 背鳍烂鳍 鳞片 — — — — — — — — 病部脱落 — — — — — 鳃 苍白 — 烂鳃; 分泌物增加 烂鳃; 分泌物增加 烂鳃; 分泌物增加 烂鳃; 分泌物增加 烂鳃; 分泌物增加 烂鳃; 分泌物增加 — — 白点 — 淡白 鳃盖变形 眼球 突出 突出 突出 突出 突出 突出 突出 突出 — — — — — 眼损伤 肛门 假管形黏液
粪便淡黄色黏液便(挤压可见) 红肿突出
拖便红肿突出
拖便红肿突出
拖便红肿突出
拖便红肿突出
拖便红肿突出
拖便— — — — — — 鱼嘴 — — — 红嘴 — — — — 发白溃烂 — — — — — 八内 体腔 鼓胀出血 膨胀黄色黏液 — 血性腹水 — — — — — — — — — — 肠道 胀气肠炎 无食物; 黄色黏液 肠道充血
肠炎肠道充血
肠炎肠道充血
肠炎肠道充血
肠炎肠道充血
肠炎肠道充血
肠炎— — — — 末端溃疡充血 小肠出血 肝脏 充血 苍白肿大坏死 — 肿大 充血 — 肿大 — — — — — 黄白或淡褐色肿大 胆囊 肿大、充盈 肿大、充盈 — — — — — — — — — — 黄色肿大、半透明 鱼鳔 出血 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 胰脏 — 苍白肿大空泡坏死 — — 充血 — — — — — — — — — 肾脏 花肾、肿大、坏死 苍白、肿大、上皮细胞空泡 — — 充血 — — — — — — — — — 脾脏 苍白肿大 苍白肿大 — 肿大 — — — — — — — — — —
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] Atmaca E, Alkan A, Das Y K, et al. Evaluating biogenic amines and pH levels in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for freshness assessment during storage [J]. Food Additives & Contaminants:Part A, 2023, 40(6): 770-780.
[2] 李文文, 黄天晴, 谷伟, 等. 六个虹鳟代表性繁育群体肌肉营养成分分析 [J]. 水生生物学报, 2023, 47(9): 1425-1434. doi: 10.7541/2023.2022.0381
Li W W, Huang T Q, Gu W, et al. The analysis of muscle nutrient composition of six representative breeding population of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2023, 47(9): 1425-1434. doi: 10.7541/2023.2022.0381
[3] 第一批国家水产育种联合攻关品种及重点任务 [N]. 中国渔业报, 2023, 05-01(003).
The First Batch of National Aquatic Breeding Joint Research Varieties and Key Tasks [N]. China Fisheries Daily, 2023, 05-01(003).
[4] 李长忠, 王国杰, 王振吉, 等. 关于把青海冷水鱼养殖产业打造成为百亿元产值产业的思考和建议 [J]. 青海科技, 2021, 28(5): 22-25.
Li C Z, Wang G J, Wang Z J, et al. Thoughts and suggestions on building Qinghai cold-water fish farming industry into an industry with an output value of 10 billion yuan [J]. Qinghai Science and Technology, 2021, 28(5): 22-25.
[5] 赵旭东, 刘扬, 苗世玉, 等. 龙羊峡水库虹鳟养殖网箱附着藻类群落结构、附着过程与分布特征研究 [J]. 青海大学学报, 2023, 41(1): 41-48.
Zhao X D, Liu Y, Miao S Y, et al. Study on the community structure, attachment process and distribution characteristics of algae attached to rainbow trout cage in Longyangxia Reservoir [J]. Journal of Qinghai University, 2023, 41(1): 41-48.
[6] 王振吉, 王国杰, 马睿, 等. 三倍体虹鳟商品鱼集装箱式养殖试验 [J]. 科学养鱼, 2023(1): 44-45. doi: 10.14184/j.cnki.issn1004-843x.2023.01.011
Wang Z J, Wang G J, Ma R, et al. Experiment on container culture of triploid rainbow trout commercial fish [J]. Scientific Fish Farming, 2023(1): 44-45. doi: 10.14184/j.cnki.issn1004-843x.2023.01.011
[7] 陶丽竹, 魏文燕, 刘家星, 等. 虹鳟传染性造血器官坏死病分析及防控措施 [J]. 科学养鱼, 2023(5): 55-56. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-843X.2023.05.033
Tao L Z, Wei W Y, Liu J X, et al. Analysis and control measures of infectious hematopoietic necrosis of rainbow trout [J]. Scientific Fish Farming, 2023(5): 55-56. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-843X.2023.05.033
[8] 王且鲁, 周建设, 王万良, 等. 西藏人工养殖鲑鳟鱼病害诊断及常见病害防治方法 [J]. 西藏农业科技, 2021, 43(2): 43-45.
Wang Q L, Zhou J S, Wang W L, et al. Disease diagnosis and common diseases control methods of cultured trout in Tibet [J]. Tibet Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2021, 43(2): 43-45.
[9] Kim H J, Olesen N J, Dale O B, et al. Pathogenicity of two lineages of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) to farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in South Korea [J]. Virus Research, 2023(332): 199133. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199133
[10] Li S, Li X, Yuan R, et al. Development of a recombinant adenovirus-vectored vaccine against both infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2023(132): 108457.
[11] Shao Y, Zhao J, Ren G, et al. Early or simultaneous infection with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus inhibits infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus replication and induces a stronger antiviral response during co-infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J]. Viruses, 2022, 14(8): 1732. doi: 10.3390/v14081732
[12] 陈昌福, 张喜贵, 孟长明. 鲑科鱼类的几种病毒性疾病及其防控措施(3) [J]. 渔业致富指南, 2019(19): 69-70.
Chen C F, Zhang X G, Meng C M. Several viral diseases of Salmonidae and their prevention and control measures (3) [J]. Fishery Guide to Be Rich, 2019(19): 69-70.
[13] 刘家星, 杨马, 魏文燕, 等. 四川地区养殖鲑鳟鱼主要流行病害 [J]. 科学养鱼, 2020(3): 46-47. doi: 10.14184/j.cnki.issn1004-843x.2020.03.027
Liu J X, Yang M, Wei W Y, et al. Main epidemic diseases of cultured salmon and trout in Sichuan area [J]. Scientific Fish Farming, 2020(3): 46-47. doi: 10.14184/j.cnki.issn1004-843x.2020.03.027
[14] Özdemir R C, Taştan Y, Güney K. Prevention of Saprolegniasis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs using oregano (Origanum onites) and laurel (Laurus nobilis) essential oils [J]. Journal of Fish Diseases, 2022, 45(1): 51-58. doi: 10.1111/jfd.13531
[15] Engblom C, Landor L, Sjöqvist C, et al. Identification and genetic characterization of Saprolegnia parasitica, isolated from farmed and wild fish in Finland [J]. Journal of Fish Diseases, 2023, 46(8): 849-860. doi: 10.1111/jfd.13795
