2023, 44(6): 250-259. doi: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20220607002
关键词： 鲨鱼 , 化学驱鲨剂 , 电脉冲驱鲨装置 , 牙鲆 , 许氏鲆鲉 , 斑石鲷 , 毒性
Keywords： Shark , Chemical shark repellent , Electric pulse shark-repelling device , Paralichthys olivaceus , Sebastes schlegelii , Oplegnathus punctatus , Toxicity
本研究采用模拟生态学的方法，选取化学驱鲨剂和电脉冲驱鲨装置2种驱鲨产品，以牙鲆(Paralichthy solivaceus)、许氏鲆鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)和斑石鲷(Oplegnathus punctatus)幼鱼鱼苗为测试对象，测定不同驱鲨方式使用后对海水水质和鱼苗生理及存活的影响。在不投放鱼苗的水槽中使用相关驱鲨产品测定水质指标的变化。结果显示，化学驱鲨剂的溶解和释放可显著降低水体的透明度和pH (P<0.05)，而电脉冲驱鲨装置对水质指标无显著影响。在3种鱼类的养殖水槽中使用相应驱鲨产品，测定结果显示，对照组中幼鱼全部正常，而化学驱鲨剂组的幼鱼鳃和鱼鳍等器官迅速被染成蓝色，幼鱼在15 min内的死亡率达到100%；电脉冲驱鲨装置组的幼鱼除了在设备启动瞬间受到惊扰出现躲避行为外，很快就恢复到自然活动状态，没有出现死亡。由于化学驱鲨剂造成急性死亡，化学驱鲨剂组3种幼鱼的血常规指标无显著变化，而电脉冲驱鲨装置组幼鱼的红细胞和白细胞数量显著升高；化学驱鲨剂组实验幼鱼血液氯离子含量、血糖(GLU)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活力等指标显著升高，而血白蛋白(ALB)含量显著降低；电脉冲驱鲨装置组中，牙鲆的GLU和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活力显著升高，其他幼鱼的血液生化指标无显著差异。组织病理学结果显示，化学驱鲨剂组3种幼鱼鳃、肝脏、脾脏和心脏的器官结构均受到组织损伤。研究表明，与化学驱鲨剂相比，电脉冲驱鲨装置对海水水质的影响较小，且对主要的海水鱼类的毒性作用较小，是一种更为环保的驱鲨方式，相关研究结果将为人类在海洋探索活动中驱鲨方式的选择提供科学依据。
In this study, two kinds of shark repellents, chemical shark repellent and electric pulse shark-repelling device were selected to test their effects on seawater quality as well as the physiology and survival of fish using simulated ecology experiments. Three marine fish species，Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii), and spotted grouper (Oplegnathus punctatus) were selected as test subjects. The results of water quality indicators showed that the chemical shark repellent could significantly reduce the water transparency and pH (P<0.05), while the electric pulse shark-repelling device had no significant effect. The mortality rate of the fishes under the chemical shark repellent was 100% within 15 min, while it was 0% under both the electric pulse shark-repelling device and the blank control. While investigating the effect of the two repellent methods on the survival and physical activities, the gills and fins of juvenile fish in the chemical shark repellent group were rapidly dyed blue reaching a mortality rate of 100% within 15 min, while the juvenile fish in the electric pulse shark-repelling device group resumed their natural activities rapidly except for exhibiting avoidance behavior when the device was started. The blood indices of the species did not show any significant differences in the chemical shark repellent group because of the acute mortality caused by poisoning. However, in the electric pulse shark-repelling device group, the number of erythrocytes and leukocytes significantly increased in all three fishes. In terms of blood biochemical indices, the chemical shark-repellents caused a significant increase in chloride content, blood glucose, and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) enzyme activity in the juvenile fishes, while the blood albumin content reduced significantly in all three fishes. The use of electric pulse shark-repelling device caused a significant increase in blood glucose and glutamate transaminase activity only in the Japanese flounder. Histopathological results showed that chemical shark repellents caused tissue damage to the gill, liver, spleen, and heart in juvenile fishes. It can be seen that compared to chemical shark repellents, the electric pulse shark-repelling device is a more environmentally friendly way to repel sharks as it has less impact on seawater quality as well as less toxic effects on major marine fishes. These results would provide a scientific basis for the selection of shark repellent methods in ocean exploration activities.
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